Appendix 5	Measures and data sources
Introduction
The following table summarises the major measures and data sources used to report against the indicators in the Report. Unless otherwise noted, all measures are:
•	disaggregated by Indigenous status (Indigenous/non-Indigenous or Indigenous/total population)
•	reported at a national (Australian total) level.
Many rates were calculated by combining data from various sources with Indigenous population figures (published and unpublished) from the ABS (2004), Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians 30 June 1991 to 30 June 2009, using the ‘low series’ estimates. 
References to data sources are summarised in the table. Many data sources are referenced as ‘unpublished’. This means that the particular data items cited in the Overcoming Disadvantage Report are not included in a standard publication but have been made available on request by the data providers.
A list of acronyms and full references for data sources are provided at the end of the appendix.

Indicators	Measures	Data sources	
3 Headline indicators	
	
3.1 Life expectancy at birth	Estimated life expectancy at birth, Indigenous 1996–2001, total population 1998-2000, by sex	ABS (2004), Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians 30 June 1991 to 30 June 2009	
	Median age at death, 2005, by sex	ABS (2006a), Deaths Australia 2005	
	Age specific death rates, 2001–2005, by sex	ABS (2006a), Deaths Australia 2005	
	Causes of death, 2001–2005, age standardised, (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	ABS (2007a), Causes of death 2005	
	
3.2 Disability and chronic disease 	Proportion of people with selected long term conditions, 2004-05, by sex, age-standardised 	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Proportion of people with one or more long term condition(s), 2004-05, by age group	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Indigenous people with selected long term health conditions, by remoteness, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Proportion of people with diabetes/high sugar levels who find the condition interferes with usual daily activities, 2004-05, age-standardised	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Rates of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over with selected long term conditions, by type of personal stressor experienced by self, family or friends, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Hospitalisation rate ratios for selected long term health conditions, 2004-05, by sex, age standardised, (Queensland, WA, SA and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	

Indicators	Measures	Data sources	
3.3 Years 10 and 12 retention and attainment	School participation rates, full time students aged 12–19 years, all schools, 2006, by jurisdiction 	ABS (2007a), Schools Australia 2006 (unpublished)	
	Apparent retention rates from year 7/8 to years 9, 10, 11 and 12, full time secondary students, all schools, 2002 to 2006	ABS (2007a), Schools Australia 2006 (unpublished)	
	Apparent retention rates from year 7/8 to years 10 and 12, full time secondary students, all schools, 2006, by jurisdiction	ABS (2007a), Schools Australia 2006 (unpublished)	
	Students who achieved a year 12 certificate (as a proportion of students who were enrolled in year 11 in the previous year), government and Catholic systems, 2001 to 2005	DEST (unpublished) 	
	Students who achieved a year 12 certificate in 2005 (as a proportion of students who were enrolled in year 11 in 2004), government and Catholic systems, by jurisdiction	DEST (unpublished) 	
	
3.4 Post-secondary education – participation and attainment	Participation in post secondary education, persons aged 18 years and over, 2002 and 2004-05	ABS 2002 NATSISS, 2002 GSS, 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished) 	
	Post secondary participation at higher education institutions, 2002–2005	DEST Selected Higher Education Statistics (unpublished)	
	Post secondary attainment of certificate level 3 or above, persons aged 18 years and over, 1994, 2002, 2004-05	ABS 1994 NATSIS, 2002 NATSISS, 2002 GSS, 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	VET load pass rate, 2002–2005	National 2002–2005 VET provider collections (unpublished)	
	VET load pass rate by course level, 2005	National 2002–2005 VET provider collections (unpublished)	
	Higher education success rate, 2001–2004	DEST Selected Higher Education Statistics (unpublished)	
	
3.5 Labour force participation and unemployment	CDEP participation, unemployment and labour force participation for Indigenous population aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by remoteness	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished),	
	CDEP participation, Indigenous people aged 18–64 years, 1994, 2002, 2004-05	ABS 1994 NATSIS, 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Labour force participation as a proportion of the population aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by Indigenous status, age standardised	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
3.5 Labour force participation and unemployment (continued)	Labour force participation as a proportion of the population aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by Indigenous status, sex and age group	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Labour force participation as a proportion of the Indigenous population aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by remoteness	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Labour force participation as a proportion of the population aged 18 to 64 years, 1994, 2002, 2004-05, by Indigenous status and sex	ABS 1994 NATSIS, 2002 NATSISS, 2002 GSS, 2004‑05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Unemployment rate of people aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by Indigenous status and jurisdiction, age standardised	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Unemployment rate of people aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by Indigenous status and age group	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Unemployment rate of Indigenous people aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by remoteness	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Unemployment rate of people aged 18 to 64 years, Indigenous 1994, 2002, 2004-05, non-Indigenous 2002, 2004-05, by sex	ABS 1994 NATSIS; 2002 NATSISS, 2002 GSS, 2004‑05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Long term unemployment, people  aged 15 to 64 years, 2004-05, by Indigenous status, age, sex	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Long term unemployment for Indigenous people aged 18 to 64 years, 1994, 2002, 2004-05	ABS 1994 NATSIS, 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	
3.6 Household and individual income	Median gross weekly equivalised household income, people aged 18 years and over, 2004-05, by Indigenous status and jurisdiction	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Median and mean real gross weekly equivalised household income, Indigenous people aged 18 years and over (2004-05 dollars), 1994, 2002, 2004-05	ABS 1994 NATSIS, 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Quintile distribution of gross weekly equivalised household incomes, people aged 18 years and over, 2004-05, by Indigenous status	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Median gross weekly individual income, 2004-05, by Indigenous status and age	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Quintile distribution of gross weekly individual income, people aged 18 years and over, 2004-05, by Indigenous status	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Main sources of individual gross weekly income, people aged 18 years and over, 2004-05, by Indigenous status and remoteness	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
3.7 Home ownership	Proportion of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over living in home owner/purchaser households, 1994, 2002, 2004-05, by jurisdiction	ABS 1994 NATSIS, 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Proportion of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over living in home owner/purchaser households, 2002, 2004-05, by remoteness areas	ABS 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Proportion of people aged 18 years and over living in home owner/purchaser households, 2004-05, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	
3.8 Suicide and self-harm 	Intentional self-harm (suicide) death rate, 2001–2005, by Indigenous status, age standardised (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005 (unpublished)	
	Intentional self-harm (suicide) death rate, 2001–2005, by Indigenous status and age group (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005 (unpublished)	
	Average annual suicide death rates 2001–2005, by Indigenous status and sex, age standardised (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005 (unpublished)	
	Non-fatal hospitalisations for intentional self-harm, 2004-05, by Indigenous status and sex, age standardised (Qld, SA, WA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Non-fatal hospitalisations for intentional self-harm, 2001-02 to 2004-05, by Indigenous status and sex, age standardised (Qld, SA, WA, and public hospitals in NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	
3.9 Substantiated child abuse and neglect	Rate per 1000 children aged 0–16 years who were the subject of substantiations, 1999-2000 to 2005-06, by jurisdiction	AIHW, Child Protection Notifications, Investigations and Substantiations, Australia, data collection, (unpublished)	
	Children aged 0–16 years who were the subject of a substantiation by type of abuse or neglect, 2001-02 to 2005-06	AIHW, Child Protection Notifications, Investigations and Substantiations, Australia, data collection (unpublished)	
	Number of diagnoses of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis in children by age group, 2001–2005 (Vic, WA, SA, NT)	National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (2006)	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
3.10 Deaths from homicide and hospitalisations for assault	Homicide death rates, 2001–2005, age standardised (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005 (unpublished)	
	Homicide death rates 2001–2005, by age (Qld, WA, NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005 (unpublished)	
	Homicide death rates, 2001–2005, by Indigenous status and sex, age standardised (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005 (unpublished)	
	Comparative statistics on homicides, 2004-05, by sex, employment status, motive, relationship	AIC (2006), National Homicide Monitoring Program 2004-2005	
	Trends in key factors associated with Indigenous homicide, 1999-2000 to 2004-05, by alcohol, employment, domestic altercation	AIC (2006), National Homicide Monitoring Program 2004-2005	
	Homicide rate, 1999-2000 to 2004-05, by remoteness	AIC (2006), National Homicide Monitoring Program 2004-2005 (unpublished)	
	Non-fatal hospitalisation rates for assault, 2001-02 to 2004-05, by sex (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	
3.11 Family and community violence	SAAP support periods, main reason clients sought support, 2005-06, total and women	AIHW SAAP NDCA (unpublished)	
	Victims recorded by NSW Police for domestic violence related assault, 2002 to 2005	NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (unpublished)	
	Relationship of offender to victim recorded by NSW Police for victims of domestic violence related assault, 2005	NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (unpublished)	
	Victims recorded by Victoria Police for domestic violence related assault, 2002-03 to 2005-06	Victoria Police (unpublished)	
	Victim-offender relationships recorded by Victoria Police for selected offences against the person, 2005-06	Victoria Police (unpublished)	
	Victims recorded by Queensland Police for selected offences against the person, 2005-06	Queensland Police (unpublished)	
	Victim-offender relationships recorded by Queensland Police for selected offences against the person, 2005-06	Queensland Police (unpublished)	
	Victims recorded by the NT Police for selected offences against the person, 2005	NT Police (unpublished)	
	Victim-offender relationships recorded by the NT Police for selected offences against the person, 2005-06	NT Police (unpublished)	
	
Indicator	Measure	Data source	
3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile detention rates	Imprisonment rates per 100 000 adult population, 30 June 2006, by jurisdiction, age standardised	ABS (2006b), Prisoners in Australia 2006	
	Imprisonment rates per 100 000 adult population, 2000 to 2006, age standardised	ABS (2006b), Prisoners in Australia 2006	
	Crude imprisonment rates, 30 June 2006, by Indigenous status, sex and jurisdiction	ABS (2006b), Prisoners in Australia 2006 (unpublished)	
	Sentenced prisoners by most serious offence, 30 June 2006, by Indigenous status	ABS (2006b), Prisoners in Australia 2006	
	Juvenile detention rates, aged 10–17 years, 2001 to 2005, by Indigenous status	Taylor (2006), Juveniles in Detention in Australia, 1981–2005	
	Juvenile detention rates, aged 10–17 years, 30 June 2005, by Indigenous status, sex and jurisdiction	Taylor (2006), Juveniles in Detention in Australia, 1981–2005	
	
5 Early child development and growth (prenatal to aged 3)	
	
5.1 Injury and preventable diseases	Potentially preventable hospitalisations for children aged less than 4 years, 2004-05, (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished) 	
	Deaths from external causes and preventable diseases as a proportion of total population for children aged less than five years, 2001–2005, (Qld, WA, SA, and the NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005, (unpublished)	
	
5.2 Infant mortality	Indigenous infant mortality, 1997–99 to 2003–05, (NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT)	ABS (2006a), Deaths Australia 2005 (published and unpublished)	
	Infant mortality, 2003–2005, (NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT)	ABS (2006a), Deaths Australia 2005	
	Indigenous infant mortality by sex, 2003–2005, (NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT)	ABS (2006a), Deaths Australia 2005	
	
5.3 Birthweight	Birthweight, by live births and fetal deaths, 2002–2004	AIHW National Perinatal Data Collection (unpublished) 	
	
5.4 Hearing impediments	Prevalence of hearing conditions in children aged 0–14 years, 2001, 2004-05	ABS 2001 NHS, 2004-05 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
5.5 Children with tooth decay 	Children’s mean number of teeth with decay, by remoteness and age group (4–14 years), selected years between 2000 and 2003, (NSW, SA and the NT combined)	Jamieson, Armfield and Roberts-Thomson (2006a)	
	Proportion of children with decay-free teeth, by remoteness and age group (4–14 years), selected years between 2000 and 2003, (NSW, SA and the NT combined)	Jamieson, Armfield and Roberts-Thomson (2006a)	
	Children’s mean number of teeth with decay, by age group (4–13 years), 2002-03, (NT)	Jamieson, Armfield and Roberts-Thomson (2006b)	
	Children’s mean number of teeth with decay, by age group (4–15 years), 2002 (SA)	Ellershaw, Spencer and Slade (2005)	
	Proportion of children with calculus and gingival bleeding, by age group (6‑15 years), 2002 (SA)	Ellershaw, Spencer and Slade (2005)	
	Hospital dental procedure rates for children aged 2–14 years, per 100 000 children, by type of procedure and sex, 2002-03	Jamieson and Roberts-Thomson (2006)	
	Hospital dental procedure rates for children aged 2–9 years, per 100 000 children, by type of procedure and age, 2002-03	Jamieson and Roberts-Thomson (2006)	
	Hospital dental procedure rates for children aged 2–14 years, per 100 000 children, by type of procedure and remoteness area, 2002‑03	Jamieson and Roberts-Thomson (2006)	
	
6 Early school engagement and performance (preschool to year 3) 	
	
6.1 Preschool and early learning	Participation rates in preschool for 3,4 and 5 year old children, 2005	DEST (2006a), National Indigenous Preschool Census 2005 (unpublished)	
	
6.2 School attendance 	School participation rates for 5 to 8 year old full time students, 2006	ABS National Schools Statistics Collection (unpublished)	
	
6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracy 	Proportion of year 3 students who achieved reading and writing benchmarks (1999–2005), and numeracy benchmarks (2000–2005)	MCEETYA (2007), National Report on Schooling in Australia 2005	
	Proportion of year 3 students who achieved the reading, writing and numeracy benchmarks, by jurisdiction, 2005	MCEETYA (2007), National Report on Schooling in Australia 2005	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
7 Positive childhood and transition to adulthood	
	
7.1 Years 5 and 7 literacy and numeracy 	Proportion of year 5 students who achieved reading and writing benchmarks (1999–2005), and numeracy benchmarks (2000–2005)	MCEETYA (2007), National Report on Schooling in Australia 2005	
	Proportion of year 7 students who achieved reading, writing and numeracy benchmarks (2001–2005)	MCEETYA (2007), National Report on Schooling in Australia 2005	
	Proportion of years 5 and 7 students who achieved the reading, writing and numeracy benchmarks, by jurisdiction, 2005	MCEETYA (2007), National Report on Schooling in Australia 2005	
	Proportion of year 3 students in 2001, year 5 students in 2003 and year 7 students in 2005 who achieved the reading, writing and numeracy benchmarks	MCEETYA (2007), National Report on Schooling in Australia 2005	
	
7.2 Retention at year 9 	School participation rates of full time students aged 14 years, all schools, by jurisdiction, 2006	ABS (2007a) Schools Australia 2006 (unpublished)	
	Apparent retention rates of full time secondary students to year 9, all schools, by sex and jurisdiction, 2006	ABS (2007a) Schools Australia 2006 (unpublished)	
	
7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in school curriculum and involvement of Indigenous people in development and delivery of Indigenous studies	Indigenous employment in government and Catholic schools, 2001 to 2005	DEST (2002–06b), Indigenous Education Strategic Initiatives Programme Performance Reports 2001–2006 (unpublished)	
	
7.4 Juvenile diversions as a proportion of juvenile offenders	Number and proportion of juveniles diverted, 2005, (NSW)	NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (unpublished)	
	Juvenile alleged offenders and cautions, 2002-03 to 2005-06, (Vic)	Victoria Police (unpublished)	
	Proportion of juvenile alleged offenders receiving a caution, by type of offence, 2004-05 (Qld)	Queensland Police Service (2006), Annual Statistical Review 2004-05	
	Number and proportion of contacts with the juvenile justice system, by type of contact, 1995–2002, (WA)	University of WA Crime Research Centre (2004a)	
	Juvenile cautions, by type of offence, 2004, (WA)	University of WA Crime Research Centre (2004b)	
	Juvenile apprehensions and diversions 2004, 2005, (SA)	OCSAR (2005a), (2006)	
	Juvenile diversions, by offence type, 2005, (SA)	OCSAR (2006)	
	Juvenile apprehensions and diversions, by sex, 2005, (NT)	NT Police (unpublished)	
	
Indicator	Measure	Data source	
7.5 Transition from school to work	Proportion of people aged 18 to 24 years who were not employed and not studying, by remoteness, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Proportion of people aged 18 to 24 years who were not employed and not studying, by sex, 2002, 2004-05	ABS 2002 NATSISS, 2002 GSS, 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Main activities of 1995 cohort participants in the fifth to eighth years of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth	ACER Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (unpublished)	
	Labour force status, people aged 18 years and over, age standardised, by sex, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	
8 Substance use and misuse	
	
8.1 Alcohol consumption and harm	Alcohol consumption at long term risky to high risk levels, people aged 18 years and over, age standardised, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Alcohol consumption at long term risky to high risk levels, by Indigenous people 18 years and over, by remoteness, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Alcohol consumption at long term risky to high risk levels, people aged 18 years and over, by sex and age group, 2004‑05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Alcohol consumption at long term risky to high risk levels, people aged 18 years and over living in non-remote areas, by sex, 1995, 2001, 2004‑05	ABS 2001 NHS(I), 2001 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Alcohol consumption at short term risky to high risk levels, people aged 18 years and over, by age group, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Alcohol involvement in homicides, total recorded 1999‑2000 to 2004‑05	AIC National Homicide Monitoring Program (unpublished)	
	Alcohol involvement in Indigenous homicides, 1999‑2000 to 2004‑05	AIC National Homicide Monitoring Program (unpublished)	
	Hospitalisations related to alcohol use, 2004-05 (per 1000 population), (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIC National Homicide Monitoring Program (unpublished)	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
8.2 Tobacco consumption and harm	Current daily smokers, Indigenous people aged 18 years and over, by remoteness, 2004‑05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS	
	Current daily smokers aged 18 years and over, by age group and sex, 2004‑05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS	
	Current daily smokers, aged 18 years and over, living in non‑remote areas, by sex, 1995, 2001, 2004-05	ABS 2001 NHS(I), 2001 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	Mothers reporting smoking during pregnancy, 2001 to 2004 (NSW, WA, SA, the ACT and the NT)	AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit (2006a, 2006b)	
	Hospitalisations related to tobacco use (per 1000 population), 2004-05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	
8.3 Drug and other substance use and harm	Indigenous persons aged 18 years or over residing in non‑remote areas: status of substance use (per cent), 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Illicit drug use, people aged 14 years and over living in non‑remote areas, 2004	AIHW Drug Strategy Household Survey (unpublished)	
	Drug influenced homicides, 1999‑2000 to 2004‑05	AIC National Homicide Monitoring Program (unpublished)	
	Drug‑influenced Indigenous homicides, 1999‑2000 to 2004‑05	AIC National Homicide Monitoring Program (unpublished)	
	
9 Functional and resilient families and communities	
	
9.1 Children on care and protection orders	Children (0–17 years) on care and protection orders, by jurisdiction, 30 June 2006	AIHW Children on Care and Protection Orders, Australia data collection (unpublished)	
	Placement in accordance with the Indigenous Child Placement Principle, 30 June 2006	AIHW Children on Care and Protection Orders, Australia data collection (unpublished)	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
9.2 Repeat offending	Proportion of prisoners with known prior adult imprisonment under sentence, by jurisdiction and sex, 30 June 2006	ABS (2006b), Prisoners in Australia 2006	
	Proportion of prisoners with known prior adult imprisonment under sentence, by most serious offence/charge, 30 June 2006	ABS (2006b), Prisoners in Australia 2006	
	Court and custodial appearances for juveniles, 1995 to 2003 (NSW)	Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (2005)	
	Repeat offending rates for maltreated juveniles who received a police caution, by sex, 1983 birth cohort (Qld)	Griffith University (2005)	
	Proportion of juvenile repeat offenders who had a finalised court appearance, by nature of first contact with the juvenile justice system and sex, 1983 birth cohort (Qld)	Griffith University (2005)	
	Proportion of juveniles re-offending, by type of first contact with the juvenile justice system, 1995 and 2000 cohorts, (WA)	University of Western Australia (2004a)	
	Proportion of juveniles in the 1984 cohort which were apprehended as juveniles (0–17 years), by the number of apprehensions (SA)	OCSAR (2005b)	
	
9.3 Access to primary health care	Expenditure on health care services, by type of health good or service, current prices, 2001-02	AIHW (2005), Expenditures on Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 2001-02	
	Age standardised hospitalisation rates for potentially preventable chronic conditions, per 100 000 people, 2004–05 (Qld, WA, SA and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Age standardised hospitalisation rates for Type 2 diabetes as principal diagnosis by complication, per 100 000 people, 2004–05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Age standardised hospitalisation rates for potentially preventable acute conditions, per 100 000 people, 2004-05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Age standardised hospitalisation rates for vaccine-preventable conditions, per 100 000 people, 2001-02 to 2004-05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished) 	
	Age standardised hospitalisation rates for infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission, per 100 000 people, 2004-05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished) 	
	
Indicator	Measure	Data source	
9.3 Access to primary health care (continued)	Health care services Indigenous people sought when they had a health problem, by remote/non-remote, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Time since last consulted GP/specialist, people aged 18 years and over, by Indigenous status, age standardised, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Reasons for not going to a GP in the last 12 months, Indigenous people aged 18 years and over, by remote/non-remote, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Number of health care centres and distance to health care centres for discrete Indigenous communities, 2006	ABS (2007c), 2006 CHINS	
	Number and proportion of discrete Indigenous communities that reported having Indigenous health workers and medical professionals visit or work within their community, 2006	ABS (2007c), 2006 CHINS	
	
9.4 Mental health	K5 level of psychological distress, people aged 18 years and over, age standardised, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	High to very high level of psychological distress, by age group, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS, 2004-05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	K5 level of current psychological distress, by reported stressor in the last 12 months, Indigenous people aged 18 years and over, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Age-standardised hospitalisations for mental and behavioural disorders, 2001-02 to 2004-05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Hospitalisations for mental and behavioural disorders, by age groups, 2004‑05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Age standardised hospitalisation ratios for mental and behavioural disorders, 2004‑05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Death rates for mental and behavioural disorders by age, 2001–2005 (Qld, WA, SA, NT)	ABS Deaths Registration Database (unpublished)	
	Health problems and the use of health services by a cohort of prisoners released in WA between 1995 and 2001 (WA)	Hobbs et al. (2006)	
	Physical and mental health needs, young people in custody (NSW)	NSW Department of Juvenile Justice (2003)	
	Risk for clinically significant emotional or behavioural difficulties of Indigenous children (WA)	Telethon Institute for Child Health, Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey 2001, 2002	
	
Indicator	Measure	Data source	
9.5 Proportion of Indigenous people with access to their traditional lands	Proportion of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over living on, or allowed to visit, their homelands, by remoteness area, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Proportion of Indigenous people living on, or allowed to visit, their homelands, non-remote areas, by age group, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Proportion of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over in non‑remote areas, living on, or allowed to visit, their homelands, 1994, 2002, 2004-05	ABS 1994 NATSIS; 2002 NATSISS, 2004‑05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
9.6 Participation in organised sport, arts or community group activities	Participation in exercise at moderate/high levels by persons aged 15 years and over in non-remote areas, age standardised, 1995, 2001, 2004-05	ABS 1995 NHS(I), 2001 NHS(I), 2004-05 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Participation in exercise at moderate/high levels, by age group in non‑remote areas, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Participation in arts and cultural activities, Indigenous people over 15 years, 2002	ABS 2002 NATSISS	
	
9.7 Engagement with service delivery	Reasons for not going to a hospital in the last 12 months, Indigenous people aged 18 years and over, 2004‑05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Indigenous people's perceptions of their treatment when seeking health care in the previous 12 months, compared to treatment of non-Indigenous people, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	How Indigenous people felt after they had been discriminated against because of their Indigenous status, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Some of the actions taken by Indigenous people after they had been discriminated against because of their Indigenous status, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Communication with service providers, Indigenous people aged 15 years or over, by remote/non-remote, 2002	ABS 2002 NATSISS (unpublished)	
	Rates of discharge from hospital against medical advice, by sex, per 1000 people, July 2002 to June 2004, (Qld, WA, SA and public hospitals in the NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Health, education and public transport services available in discrete Indigenous communities, 2006	ABS (2007c), 2006 CHINS	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
10 Effective environmental health systems	
	
10.1 Rates of diseases associated with poor environmental health	Hospitalisation rates (per 10 000), selected types of diseases associated with poor environmental health, age standardised and by age groups, 2004‑05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Hospitalisation rates, selected diseases associated with poor environmental health, age standardised and ages 0–14 and over 65, 2001-02 to 2004-05 (Qld, WA, SA, and public hospitals in NT)	AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database (unpublished)	
	Death rates from diseases associated with poor environmental health, by sex, age standardised, 2001–2005 (Qld, WA, SA, and the NT)	ABS (2007b), Causes of Death 2005	
	
10.2 Access to clean water and functional sewerage	Source, reliability and adequacy of drinking water supply, (restrictions, interruptions and quality), discrete Indigenous communities, 2006	ABS (2007c), 2006 CHINS	
	Type of sewerage systems, overflows and leakages, discrete Indigenous communities, 2006	ABS (2007c), 2006 CHINS	
	Access to cooking, washing and toilet facilities by Indigenous Housing Organisation managed permanent dwellings, by remoteness, 2006	ABS (2007c), 2006 CHINS	
	
10.3 Overcrowding in housing	Proportion of Indigenous people 15 years and over living in overcrowded housing, by jurisdiction, 2002 and 2004-05	ABS 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Proportion of Indigenous people 15 years and over living in overcrowded housing, by remoteness area, 2002 and 2004-05	ABS 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Proportion of Indigenous people aged 15 years or over living in overcrowded housing, by housing tenure, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Proportion of Indigenous people 18 years and over who reported overcrowding as a stressor in the last 12 months, by remoteness area, 2002 and 2004-05	ABS 2002 NATSISS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	

Indicator	Measure	Data source	
11 Economic participation and development	
	
11.1 Employment by full-time or part-time status, by sector, industry and occupation	CDEP and non‑CDEP employment, Indigenous people aged 18 to 64 years, by remoteness area, 2004‑05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Full time and part time employment, by CDEP status, Indigenous people aged 18 to 64 years, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Full time and part time employment, people aged 18 to 64 years, by age group, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Age standardised full time and part time employment, people aged 18 to 64 years, by sex, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Full time and part time employment, Indigenous people aged 18 to 64 years, by CDEP status and sex, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Full time and part time employment, Indigenous people aged 18 to 64 years, 1994, 2002, 2004-05	ABS 1994 NATSIS, 2002 NATSISS, 2004‑05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Employment by public/private sector, and CDEP status, Indigenous people aged 18 to 64 years, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NATSIHS (unpublished)	
	Age standardised employment by industry, people aged 18 to 64 years, 2004-05	ABS 2004-05 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	Age standardised employment by skill level of occupations, people aged 18 to 64 years, 2004‑05	ABS 2004-05 NHS, 2004-05 NATSIHS (all unpublished)	
	
11.2 Self employment and Indigenous business	Age standardised self employment as a proportion of total employed, people aged 18 to 64 years in non-remote areas, by sex, 2001, 2004-05	ABS 2001 NHS(I), 2001 NHS, 2004‑05 NATSIHS, 2004‑05 NHS (all unpublished)	
	
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled land	Indigenous owned land as a proportion of the area of each remoteness area, December 2006	ILC (unpublished)	
	Determinations that native title exists, by jurisdiction, 2004, 2006	NNTT (unpublished)	
	The growth of Indigenous Land Use Agreements (cumulative), by jurisdiction, 2003 to 2006	NNTT (unpublished)	
	Registered Indigenous Land Use Agreements by remoteness area, 30 June 2006	NNTT (unpublished)	
	
Indicator	Measure	Data source	
11.4 Governance capacity and skills	Proportion of university students studying management or commerce, business law, economics or econometrics, by remoteness area, 2005	DEST Higher Education Student Collection (unpublished)	
	Proportion of university students studying management or commerce, business law, economics or econometrics, by sex, 2003–2005	DEST Higher Education Student Collection (unpublished)	
	Proportion of TAFE students studying management or commerce, business law, economics or econometrics, by remoteness, 2005	NCVER (unpublished)	
	Proportion of TAFE students studying management or commerce, business law, economics or econometrics, by sex, 2002–2005	NCVER (unpublished)	
	Number of students in selected courses (governance) 2005	NCVER (unpublished)	

Acronyms and abbreviations
ABS	Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACER	Australian Council for Educational Research
AIC	Australian Institute of Criminology
AIHW	Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
BOCSAR	Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (NSW)
CHINS	Community Housing and Infrastructure Needs Survey
DEST	Department of Education, Science and Training
GSS	General Social Survey
ILC	Indigenous Land Corporation
NATSISS	National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey 
MCEETYA	Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs
NCVER	National Centre for Vocational Education Research
NATSIHS	National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey
NATSIS	National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey
NHS	National Health Survey
NHS(I)	National Health Survey Indigenous Supplement
NNTT	National Native Title Tribunal
OCSAR	Office of Crime Statistics and Research (SA)
SAAP NDCA	Supported Accommodation Assistance Program National Data Collection Agency
VET	vocational education and training
References
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2007a, Schools Australia 2006, Cat. no. 4221.0, Canberra.
—— 2007b, Causes of Death, Australia, 2005, Cat. no. 3303.0, Canberra.
——2007c, Housing and Infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities, Australia, 2006, Cat. no. 4710.0, Canberra.
—— 2006a, Deaths Australia 2005, Cat. no. 3302.0, Canberra.
—— 2006b, Prisoners in Australia 2006, Cat. no. 4517.0, Canberra
—— 2006c, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey 2004-05, Cat. no. 4715.0, Canberra.
—— 2006d, National Health Survey 2004-05, Cat. no. 4362.0, Canberra.
—— 2004, Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians 30 June 1991 to 30 June 2009, Cat. no. 3238.0, Canberra.
—— 2002, National Health Survey: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Results, Australia, 2001, Cat. no. 4715.0, Canberra.
—— 1995, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey, Cat. no. 4190.0, Canberra.
AIC (Australian Institute of Criminology) 2006, National Homicide Monitoring Program Annual Report 2004-2005, Research and public policy series no. 72, Canberra.
AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) National Perinatal Statistics Unit 2006a, Smoking and Pregnancy, AIHW Cat. no. PER 33, Sydney.
—— 2006b, Australia’s Mothers and Babies 2004, AIHW Cat. no. PER 34, Sydney.
—— 2005, Expenditures on Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 2001-02, Cat. no. HWE 23, Canberra.
BOCSAR (Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research) 2005, The Transition from Juvenile to Adult Criminal Careers, Crime and Justice Bulletin no. 86, Sydney.
DEST 2006a, National Preschool Census 2005 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and All Students: Technical Report, DAA (Data Analysis Australia), Canberra.
—— 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006b Indigenous Education Strategic Initiatives Programme Performance Reports 2001–2005, DEST, Canberra.
Ellershaw, A., Spencer, A.J., Slade, G.D. 2005, Oral Health in South Australia 2004, Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide.
Griffith University 2005, Juvenile Offending Trajectories: Pathways from Child Maltreatment to Juvenile Offending and Police Cautioning in Queensland. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Brisbane.
Hobbs, M., Krazlan, K., Ridout, S., Mai, Q., Knuiman, M. and Chapman, R. 2006, Mortality and Morbidity in Prisoners After Release from Prison in Western Australia 1995–2003, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 320, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. 
Jamieson, L., Roberts-Thomson, K.F., 2006, ‘Indigenous children and receipt of hospital dental care in Australia’, International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, vol. 16, pp. 327–34. 
Jamieson, L., Armfield, J.A., Roberts-Thomson, K.F., 2006a, ‘The role of location in Indigenous and non-Indigenous child oral health’, Journal of Public Health Dentistry, vol. 66, pp. 123–30.
Jamieson, L., Armfield, J.A., Roberts-Thomson, K.F., 2006b, ‘Oral health inequalities among Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in the Northern Territory of Australia’, Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, vol. 34, pp. 267–76.
MCEETYA (Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs) 2007, National Report on Schooling in Australia 2005: Preliminary Paper National Benchmark Results Reading, Writing and Numeracy Years 3, 5 and 7, Melbourne.
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, cited in National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research) 2006, HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmissible Infections in Australia, Annual Surveillance Report 2006, NCHECR, The University of New South Wales and AIHW, Sydney.
NSW Department of Juvenile Justice 2003, NSW Young People in Custody Health Survey. Key Findings Report, 2003, NSW. 
OCSAR (Office of Crime Statistics and Research) 2006, Crime and Justice in South Australia - Juvenile Justice 2005, Adelaide. 
—— 2005a, Crime and Justice in South Australia — Juvenile Justice 2004, Adelaide.
—— 2005b, Young People Born in 1984: Offending Behaviour of Juveniles Apprehended at Least Once, Government of South Australia, Adelaide.
Queensland Police Service 2006, Annual Statistical Review 2004-05, Brisbane.
Taylor, N. 2006, Juveniles in Detention in Australia, 1981–2005, Technical and Background Paper, no. 22, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.
University of Western Australia 2004a, Pathways through Justice: A Statistical Analysis of Offender Contact with the WA Juvenile Justice System, Crime Research Centre, Perth.
—— 2004b, Crime and Justice Statistics for Western Australia, Crime Research Centre, Perth.